Discovery of photography

Image projection came first. A narrow beam of light entering a dark room will project an image ,this phenomenon was noted by Aristotle in 4^thcenbc.

Ad 1490 LEONERDO DA VINCI realized the potential of camera obscure ( Italian means dark room). In next century lenses were incorporated to sharpen the image.

The 17^th century box models were made all over EUROPE but we donot have films.

1827 FRENCH man JOSEPHnicephone showed the first picture copied from nature in London  a English man William Hanry fox also developed film but in1829 louis Daguerre announced discovery of copper plate process, but fox had produced a method by which any number of copies can obtained , the principle of modern photography, the negative positive images called catotypes.

1851 Frederick scoth archer introduced wet plate process in which glass plate was coated with layer of light sensitive material .this had to be exposed and processed whilst still wet .out door photography had to set up a dark room tent .

1880 dry plate method was introduced

Magic box

Since 1839 camera were popular but with paper back roll film in realty took off in 1890

1925 lecia 35 mm was introduced by Ernst leitz in Germany

1935 first SLR came

1940 lenses with coated surface was introduced

1950 penta prism method was used to made3 SLR which is very popular till today.

HOW TO LEARN PHOTO GRAPHY

1 handling a camera—may be parallel or vertical should be steady .if shutter speed is less use tripode

2 understanding film

3 understanding color and light effects

4 understanding patterns, shapes ,lines, texture, color contrast, color harmony

5 use flash ,bounce flash , and available light

THEMES OF PHOTOGRAPHY

1 landscape                            2 sky and water                 3 buildings               4 interiors                 5 sports                          6 people                                 7 studio portraits               8 children                 9 nude                      10 still life  11 press reports                   12 animals                           13 trees and flowers   14 special effects---close ups—soft focus---multi expose – sandwich-infra red effects

Special effects using special films- in this whole photo will come hazy and dotted one – as we give extra burning to negative, and use of blur method are need to understand.

Types of cameras

1 view finder cameras

a)        Fixed focus lenses—most 110 camera have this lenses every thing about 2 meter away is sharp

b)      Front cell focusing---in this form lens is fixed to infinite but front element is fixed forward and backward . it adjust up to about 1.5 meter

c)       Whole lens focusing ----they r screw out focus system which shift whole lens away from or towards the film.

d)      Zone focusing—divides the area by pictorial marks on camera

2 Range finder cameras

a)       This type of cameras have a built in device called coupled range finder with double image or split image center

b)      Double and split image---in double –two images are visible ,one has normal view finder ,the 2^nd is reflected from a moveable mirror. in split image image  is  splitd

c)       Parallax error—in this view finder shows one image and lens see another image .

3   Automatic focusing

a)       In this point the camera to subject and half press the shutter release button to get focusing

4 Reflex cameras

In this type a silvered mirror set inside the camera at 45 degree reflects the lens image upward on to a horizontal  glass screen which act as focusing device . image is reversed unless prism finder is used when shutter release button is pressed mirror goes up and shutter operates.

a)SINGLE LENS REFLEX CAMERAS

modern cameras have five sided prism called penta prism on the top of horizontal glass to avoid viberation caused by movement of mirrors which turns the image on viewing screen . camera can be used vertically or horizontally 

b)      TWIN LENS REFLEX

         SLR having two prism r called twin lens , single slr has two problems , 1^st while taking pics view is bleached out  2^nd vibration  is caused by mirrors with 2 lens is removed . one mirror used for focusing 2^nd for seeing the object .

5 instant print cameras --- get the foto on the sport , very expensive

Films

1 orthochromatic films

They are sensitive only to blue, violet and green region

2 Panchromatic films--sensitive to whole spectrum

3 color films—are two types slide films and negative films—both r balanced for day and night type

Lens----see in photography book

Filters ---

Gelatin filters – they r made by dissolving the appropriate dyes in gelatin and then coated it on glass when dry gelatins is peeled off the glass and cut to size normally -1 mm thick and flat

Plastic filters--- latest type r made of allyldiglycol carbonate polymer reffered as CR 39 were first made in 1940

Glass filters –made of glass-

 Gradual filters------------r build by subjecting  the material to repeated dips of diminishing depth in a weak solution of colored dye until the desired density is achieved

U V FILTER---- used to absorb ultra violet radiations and most worth at 1000 mtr at sea there r two types 1^st absorb the blue also  2^nd absorb the radiation

N D FILTER – when smallest aperture is inadequate at sea or in bright sun light nd filter is used to reduce the light its power is denoted in q factor .most use full r 0.3 , 0.6 ,0.9 , and requires 123 stop increase.

COLOR COREETION FILTERS----used in b& w photography

a)       Light yellow – used for portraits .they produce natural skin tone ,light hair and slightly blue eyes

b)      Medium and deep yellow – use full for snow and darkening blue shadows

c)       Green – it is best for landscapes and out door portraits

d)       Light green  reduces red ,useful under artificial light

e)       Light blue  --least used absorb maximum red

f)        Orange --- ideal for winter pics in sunshine with snow , it lightens red, yellow and darken blue ,green and removes haze and uv

g)       Red – details r often lost ,sky may become black clouds may show stark

STEEP CUT FILTERS-----it has 3 colors yellow , cyan, magenta

Magenta  transmits  red and blue and absorb green

Cyan transmits blue and green and absorb red

Yellow transmits red and green and absorb blue – each transmit 2/3 of visible spectrum

 NARROW CUT TRICOLOR FILTER it has 3 color it reflects 1/3 of spectrum used in b&w

COLOR CONVERTION FILTERS--- used to convert day light film to night light or vice versa 80 a used to convert day light to tungsten 85 b tungsten to day light

COLOR COMPENSATING FILTERS-  USED IN ENLARGERS 

COLOR PRINTING FILTERS –it has similar effects as cc filters  r used in enlargers lamphouse  between light source and negatives

POLARISING FILTERS – used to eliminate reflections from shiny material, controls rendering of blue sky by darkening it

SKY LIGHT FILTER – pale pink in color used to absorb uv in color photography

GRADUAL FILTERS- they alter only half frame-blue ,tabacco ,grey ,red ,yellow r popular

CREATIVE FILTERS—STAR BURST ,,,PRISM –make more images ,,,,diffractions

STAR BURST—they produce stars numbering from 2 to 72 also known as spectra, snow cross , cross screen .

DIFFRACTION FILTERS----produce rain bow effect, works best with nd filter

DIFFUSERS –used to diffuse light

No 1 used to soft light             no 2 close ups                 3 diffuse high lights             4 pimples

5  hazy back effects                  6 rain effects                  7 & 8 glass effects

Fog and sand filters

Color fring filters used on flash red blue , green in color

Multi color filters these r sandwich of 2 filters red & blue ,orange &green ,yellow & pink other variation is mixture of nd and gradual filter

VIGNETTES AND MASKS

PAN VISION FILTER—used in cine work it only for viewing ,it modifies sensetivy of eye to  panchromatic  film

MONOCHROME FILTERS – used to have dark amber or brown

SAFE LIGHT FILTER—used in dark rooms

HEAT ABSORBING FILTERS – used enlargers to avoid damage to negtive

Shutter

There r two type of shutters – leaf shutter and focal plane shutter

A)      Leaf shutter consist of number of metal blades that form light proof disc, when button is pressed it opens to maximum and close down, these r smooth working ,free from several mechanical problems but not fit for using camera with electronic flash because maximum shutter speed is 1/500

B)      Focal plane shutters r built into camera body ,it consist of two blades directly in front of the film. During exposure there is slit variation, mostly used in SLR have shutter speed up to 1/2000 with normally x at 1/60 

Close up attachments

1         supplementary lenses-----------these are macro ,converters lenses

2          Extension tubes---------fitted between camera body and lenses increases distance between back of camera lens and film helps in close focusing . normally in set 0f 3, not used in auto control .

3         Reversal rings --------it enables the lens to attached back to front used in close up

4         Bellows ----r same as extension tubes but have advantage of adjustment , must b used on tripod ,expensive but useful to increase distance between film and lens thus increase image growth.

Applied photography

All these tech we use in photo shop now

1          print finishing or touching

2          chopping extra

3          contact print

4          hand coloring

5          B &W to color prints

6           Sandwich fotos

7          Montage ---collage

8          Image distortion

9          Shading and dodging -----

 

Flash guns

A burst of flash is very useful for good  Grian for portrait and action photography .

How flash works---

Energy of battery is stored in capacitor .when shutter release button is pressed this energy passes through a low pressure glass tube which gives it glow and strikes the object . to get synchronization hot shoe or pc cord is used . most of camera have both . most of slr camera have focal plan shutters which moves vertically and horizontally .in slow speed only 2 blinds uncover the whole frame.

 AA size cells are used in guns , they are of 5 types

zinc carbon battery ----mostly Indian made ,cheap ,but easily leaked ,don’t use

 zinc choloride battery---better than zinc carbon ,but leakage problem

alkaline battery ---most popular , runs 3 times better –duracell , Panasonic is best

nickel cadmium or nicad batteries  ---recharge able and  best

lithium batteries -----sanyo , Panasonic are best used for camera body.

Types of flashguns

1         manual –this is simple electronic gun with on off switch and neon ready light . on the gun ,wait for neon light to appear and fire. Amount of light is fixed ,control the light through aperture.

2         Automatic ----they have auto sensors cell ,cell measures the light reflected .speed of film used to determine the aperture .most guns has Thyristor control ,which retains the unused power in capacitor and helps in fast recycle . most guns has guide no ,which helps to calculate correct exposure . ex—a guide no of 33 from 3 meters means you use f 11 for exposure.

3         Dedicated gun –it is designed for particular camera body .hot shoe tells the film you are using . they  use TTL system to calculate the correct angle.

Flash should be attached to right hand hammerhead to remove the problem of red eye.

Bounce flash is tech for soft light . for manual flash increase f by 1 point .light bounces back best on white color than any other color.

Fill in flash is used for out door photography

Multi exposure –can be done on tripod .make the subject static ,make exposure with cable release ,remove lens cap and expose

2 or more flashes can be used for portraits , 1 for back ground ,  1 filler , 1 main ,

Hot shoe adopter- ---most camera comes with hot shoe but extra can be used to connect coaxial cable ,

Slave units -----trigger cells----foto electric circuits helps to fire

Remote sensor ---used in front of flash

Ring flash is good for out door portraits

HOW TO BUY A TRIPOD

TRIPOD SHOULD BE EXTRA STURDY,WITH BALL HEAD JOINT AND SCREW THREAD ON BASE PLATE WHERE CAMERA IS FITTED ARE BEST AMONG ALL MODELS.

TRIPODE MADE OF METAL WITH SECTION DIVISION AND RELEASE CLIPS ARE MORE USEFULL.

World photography day 19 aug

Long shot --------------------------L S --------------- full person

Extra wide shot ------------------E L S ----------- area shot

Mid  wide shot--------------------M L S ------------ build area

Extreme close up ----------------E C  U ----------- eyes

 Close up---------------------------- C U ---------------Face

Bust shot ------------------------------------------------above knee

Medium shot ---------------------M S -----------------above waist

Medium level shot---------------M L S ------------- Shows expressions on face up to breast level

2 shot , 3 shot , oss , cut in , cut away , point of view

Tilt -  synchronize with moving object

Pan -------- move one object to another

Zoom in , zoom out --------------track shot

Dolly  ---crane shot dolly v/s zoom

Dolly in means moving camera in space

In zoom changes camera focal length